Questões de Inglês

How bacteria could solve China’s rush-hour blues


As the largest city in southern China, with a population of

around 13 million, Guangzhou has traffic so bad it’s legendary. One
way to alleviate it would be to increase the intelligence of traffic
lights — converting them from dumb beasts that beat out the same
rhythm all day long into dynamic managers of vehicle flow.
And now two Chinese researchers have proved, at least

theoretically, that insights borrowed from the lowly bacterium
Escherichia coli could increase the throughput of a real-world
traffic light in Guangzhou. No one knows what effect this could
have if it were applied to an entire city, but it’s fitting that a solution
from a class of algorithms that seek to mimic the collective behavior
of organisms should be applied to the teeming masses of
Guangzhou’s trucks and automobiles.
Traffic lights around the world, from Guangzhou to

Geneva, are managed by computerized systems in a metal cabinet
at the side of the road, which regulate the cycle of changes from red
to green to red either through fixed time periods, or through sensors
in the road that can detect when a car is stationary. Both options
work well when traffic is low, less so during rush hour, as any
driver will tell you.
The solution proposed for improving flow during high

traffic periods is what’s known as a bacterial foraging Optimization
(BFO) algorithm. The algorithm varies when and for how long a
given light is red or green. So, for example, the algorithm has an
almost traffic cop-like sense for which road at an intersection has a
higher volume of traffic, and when to strategically deprioritize
traffic that may be waiting on a less-used road. Simulations of a
Guangzhou intersection showed that BFO-regulated lights reduce
the average delay of vehicles by over 28% compared with those
regulated by a fixed time cycle.

Internet: (adapted).


Based on the text above, judge the items below.

It is common knowledge that traffic lights nowadays do not work very well when traffic is heavy.

A resposta correta é:

Brazil government, states jockey in fight over oil wealth


BRASÍLIA – Brazil’s government is rallying its forces to

try to avoid the possibility of a rebellion in a heated dispute over
the distribution of wealth from the country’s oil fields.
Lawmakers and governors representing 24 Brazilian states

that produce little or no oil are upset with President Dilma
Rousseff’s decision to veto some parts of the legislation, which
they say will reduce their revenue from existing oil contracts by
around 12 billion Brazilian reais ($5.7 billion) of royalties a year.
Ms. Rousseff vetoed those parts of the bill — just as her

predecessor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, did in 2010. Otherwise
the legislation would reassign revenue that had already been
allocated to oil-producing states, primarily Rio de Janeiro, São
Paulo and Espírito Santo.
The three states are home to most of Brazil’s existing oil

production. Output is expected to rise sharply in coming years as
the country starts to tap vast new fields found off the country’s
southeast coast. Developing them still poses a huge challenge, as
they lie beneath deep Atlantic waters and several kilometers of
rock and a shifting layer of salt.
The emphasis of the legislation, according to the

government, should be on the new oil wealth expected to flow
from the new fields that have not yet started production.
Politicians from the non-producing states — who have an

overwhelming majority in both houses of Congress — are trying
to drum up support to override the veto. There are signs of
support in the lower house, which had already approved it once.
They are also now working on gaining support in the Senate. A
simple majority is needed in a joint session of congress to
override the veto.
Supporters of the government said an override would send

the matter to the courts, which would further postpone plans to
get oil exploration and development back on track after years of
delays.
Some of the government’s most senior allies in Congress,

including Lower House Speaker Marco Maia and Sen.
Wellington Dias, both of Ms. Rousseff’s Workers’ Party, have
shown less than full enthusiasm for the administration’s position.
Sen. Dias said the government could appease the nonproducing

states by simply allocating more money their way. The
federal government wants to funnel all of its proceeds from the
oil wealth into a fund for education; Sen. Dias said that instead, a
part of it could be set aside for other purposes.

Internet: (adapted).


According to the text above, judge the following items.

Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Espírito Santo are responsible for most of the Brazilian oil production.

A resposta correta é:

Brazil government, states jockey in fight over oil wealth


BRASÍLIA – Brazil’s government is rallying its forces to

try to avoid the possibility of a rebellion in a heated dispute over
the distribution of wealth from the country’s oil fields.
Lawmakers and governors representing 24 Brazilian states

that produce little or no oil are upset with President Dilma
Rousseff’s decision to veto some parts of the legislation, which
they say will reduce their revenue from existing oil contracts by
around 12 billion Brazilian reais ($5.7 billion) of royalties a year.
Ms. Rousseff vetoed those parts of the bill — just as her

predecessor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, did in 2010. Otherwise
the legislation would reassign revenue that had already been
allocated to oil-producing states, primarily Rio de Janeiro, São
Paulo and Espírito Santo.
The three states are home to most of Brazil’s existing oil

production. Output is expected to rise sharply in coming years as
the country starts to tap vast new fields found off the country’s
southeast coast. Developing them still poses a huge challenge, as
they lie beneath deep Atlantic waters and several kilometers of
rock and a shifting layer of salt.
The emphasis of the legislation, according to the

government, should be on the new oil wealth expected to flow
from the new fields that have not yet started production.
Politicians from the non-producing states — who have an

overwhelming majority in both houses of Congress — are trying
to drum up support to override the veto. There are signs of
support in the lower house, which had already approved it once.
They are also now working on gaining support in the Senate. A
simple majority is needed in a joint session of congress to
override the veto.
Supporters of the government said an override would send

the matter to the courts, which would further postpone plans to
get oil exploration and development back on track after years of
delays.
Some of the government’s most senior allies in Congress,

including Lower House Speaker Marco Maia and Sen.
Wellington Dias, both of Ms. Rousseff’s Workers’ Party, have
shown less than full enthusiasm for the administration’s position.
Sen. Dias said the government could appease the nonproducing

states by simply allocating more money their way. The
federal government wants to funnel all of its proceeds from the
oil wealth into a fund for education; Sen. Dias said that instead, a
part of it could be set aside for other purposes.

Internet: (adapted).


According to the text above, judge the following items.

President Dilma Rousseff has reiterated the decision president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva had made in the past and vetoed the bill.

A resposta correta é:

Brazil government, states jockey in fight over oil wealth


BRASÍLIA – Brazil’s government is rallying its forces to

try to avoid the possibility of a rebellion in a heated dispute over
the distribution of wealth from the country’s oil fields.
Lawmakers and governors representing 24 Brazilian states

that produce little or no oil are upset with President Dilma
Rousseff’s decision to veto some parts of the legislation, which
they say will reduce their revenue from existing oil contracts by
around 12 billion Brazilian reais ($5.7 billion) of royalties a year.
Ms. Rousseff vetoed those parts of the bill — just as her

predecessor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, did in 2010. Otherwise
the legislation would reassign revenue that had already been
allocated to oil-producing states, primarily Rio de Janeiro, São
Paulo and Espírito Santo.
The three states are home to most of Brazil’s existing oil

production. Output is expected to rise sharply in coming years as
the country starts to tap vast new fields found off the country’s
southeast coast. Developing them still poses a huge challenge, as
they lie beneath deep Atlantic waters and several kilometers of
rock and a shifting layer of salt.
The emphasis of the legislation, according to the

government, should be on the new oil wealth expected to flow
from the new fields that have not yet started production.
Politicians from the non-producing states — who have an

overwhelming majority in both houses of Congress — are trying
to drum up support to override the veto. There are signs of
support in the lower house, which had already approved it once.
They are also now working on gaining support in the Senate. A
simple majority is needed in a joint session of congress to
override the veto.
Supporters of the government said an override would send

the matter to the courts, which would further postpone plans to
get oil exploration and development back on track after years of
delays.
Some of the government’s most senior allies in Congress,

including Lower House Speaker Marco Maia and Sen.
Wellington Dias, both of Ms. Rousseff’s Workers’ Party, have
shown less than full enthusiasm for the administration’s position.
Sen. Dias said the government could appease the nonproducing

states by simply allocating more money their way. The
federal government wants to funnel all of its proceeds from the
oil wealth into a fund for education; Sen. Dias said that instead, a
part of it could be set aside for other purposes.

Internet: (adapted).


According to the text above, judge the following items.

Sen. Dias suggests the federal government should redistribute money from already existing education funds to other purposes, in other to avoid further disagreements with the non-producing states.

A resposta correta é:

Intellectual Property



Industrial property legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. Intellectual property relates to
items of information or knowledge, which can be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in an unlimited number of copies at
different locations anywhere in the world. The property is not in those copies but in the information or knowledge reflected in them.
Intellectual property rights are also characterized by certain limitations, such as limited duration in the case of copyright and patents.

The importance of protecting intellectual property was first recognized in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property in 1883 and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1886. Both treaties are administered
by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Countries generally have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to give statutory expression to the
moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and to the rights of the public in accessing those creations. The second is to
promote creativity and the dissemination and application of its results, and to encourage fair trade, which would contribute to
economic and social development.

Intellectual property is usually divided into two branches, namely industrial property and copyright.
Copyright relates to artistic creations, such as poems, novels, music, paintings, and cinematographic works. The expression
copyright refers to the main act which, in respect of literary and artistic creations, may be made only by the author or with his
authorization.

The broad application of the term “industrial” is clearly set out in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
(Article 1 (3)): “Industrial property shall be understood in the broadest sense and shall apply not only to industry and commerce
proper, but likewise to agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain,
tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour.”

Industrial property takes a range of forms. These include patents to protect inventions; and industrial designs, which are
aesthetic creations determining the appearance of industrial products. Industrial property also covers trademarks, service marks,
layout-designs of integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, as well as geographical indications, and protection against
unfair competition. In some of these, the aspect of intellectual creation, although existent, is less clearly defined. What counts here is
that the object of industrial property typically consists of signs transmitting information, in particular to consumers, as regards
products and services offered on the market. Protection is directed against unauthorized use of such signs likely to mislead consumers,
and against misleading practices in general.

Understanding Industrial Property. World Intellectual Property Organization – WIPO,

p. 3-5. In: Internet: (adapted).


According to the text above, judge the following items.

Protection granted by industrial property rights is exclusive to those products in which the aspects of intellectual creation are explicit.

A resposta correta é:

Intellectual Property



Industrial property legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. Intellectual property relates to
items of information or knowledge, which can be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in an unlimited number of copies at
different locations anywhere in the world. The property is not in those copies but in the information or knowledge reflected in them.
Intellectual property rights are also characterized by certain limitations, such as limited duration in the case of copyright and patents.

The importance of protecting intellectual property was first recognized in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property in 1883 and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1886. Both treaties are administered
by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Countries generally have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to give statutory expression to the
moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and to the rights of the public in accessing those creations. The second is to
promote creativity and the dissemination and application of its results, and to encourage fair trade, which would contribute to
economic and social development.

Intellectual property is usually divided into two branches, namely industrial property and copyright.
Copyright relates to artistic creations, such as poems, novels, music, paintings, and cinematographic works. The expression
copyright refers to the main act which, in respect of literary and artistic creations, may be made only by the author or with his
authorization.

The broad application of the term “industrial” is clearly set out in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
(Article 1 (3)): “Industrial property shall be understood in the broadest sense and shall apply not only to industry and commerce
proper, but likewise to agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain,
tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour.”

Industrial property takes a range of forms. These include patents to protect inventions; and industrial designs, which are
aesthetic creations determining the appearance of industrial products. Industrial property also covers trademarks, service marks,
layout-designs of integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, as well as geographical indications, and protection against
unfair competition. In some of these, the aspect of intellectual creation, although existent, is less clearly defined. What counts here is
that the object of industrial property typically consists of signs transmitting information, in particular to consumers, as regards
products and services offered on the market. Protection is directed against unauthorized use of such signs likely to mislead consumers,
and against misleading practices in general.

Understanding Industrial Property. World Intellectual Property Organization – WIPO,

p. 3-5. In: Internet: (adapted).


According to the text above, judge the following items.

"Intellectual property" is an umbrella term which defines a group of laws, including those concerning industrial property.

A resposta correta é:

Intellectual Property



Industrial property legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. Intellectual property relates to
items of information or knowledge, which can be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in an unlimited number of copies at
different locations anywhere in the world. The property is not in those copies but in the information or knowledge reflected in them.
Intellectual property rights are also characterized by certain limitations, such as limited duration in the case of copyright and patents.

The importance of protecting intellectual property was first recognized in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property in 1883 and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1886. Both treaties are administered
by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Countries generally have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to give statutory expression to the
moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and to the rights of the public in accessing those creations. The second is to
promote creativity and the dissemination and application of its results, and to encourage fair trade, which would contribute to
economic and social development.

Intellectual property is usually divided into two branches, namely industrial property and copyright.
Copyright relates to artistic creations, such as poems, novels, music, paintings, and cinematographic works. The expression
copyright refers to the main act which, in respect of literary and artistic creations, may be made only by the author or with his
authorization.

The broad application of the term “industrial” is clearly set out in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
(Article 1 (3)): “Industrial property shall be understood in the broadest sense and shall apply not only to industry and commerce
proper, but likewise to agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain,
tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour.”

Industrial property takes a range of forms. These include patents to protect inventions; and industrial designs, which are
aesthetic creations determining the appearance of industrial products. Industrial property also covers trademarks, service marks,
layout-designs of integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, as well as geographical indications, and protection against
unfair competition. In some of these, the aspect of intellectual creation, although existent, is less clearly defined. What counts here is
that the object of industrial property typically consists of signs transmitting information, in particular to consumers, as regards
products and services offered on the market. Protection is directed against unauthorized use of such signs likely to mislead consumers,
and against misleading practices in general.

Understanding Industrial Property. World Intellectual Property Organization – WIPO,

p. 3-5. In: Internet: (adapted).


According to the text above, judge the following items.

The term "property" can be replaced by the word propriety, without distorting the general meaning of the text.

A resposta correta é:

Intellectual Property



Industrial property legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. Intellectual property relates to
items of information or knowledge, which can be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in an unlimited number of copies at
different locations anywhere in the world. The property is not in those copies but in the information or knowledge reflected in them.
Intellectual property rights are also characterized by certain limitations, such as limited duration in the case of copyright and patents.

The importance of protecting intellectual property was first recognized in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property in 1883 and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1886. Both treaties are administered
by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Countries generally have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to give statutory expression to the
moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and to the rights of the public in accessing those creations. The second is to
promote creativity and the dissemination and application of its results, and to encourage fair trade, which would contribute to
economic and social development.

Intellectual property is usually divided into two branches, namely industrial property and copyright.
Copyright relates to artistic creations, such as poems, novels, music, paintings, and cinematographic works. The expression
copyright refers to the main act which, in respect of literary and artistic creations, may be made only by the author or with his
authorization.

The broad application of the term “industrial” is clearly set out in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
(Article 1 (3)): “Industrial property shall be understood in the broadest sense and shall apply not only to industry and commerce
proper, but likewise to agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain,
tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour.”

Industrial property takes a range of forms. These include patents to protect inventions; and industrial designs, which are
aesthetic creations determining the appearance of industrial products. Industrial property also covers trademarks, service marks,
layout-designs of integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, as well as geographical indications, and protection against
unfair competition. In some of these, the aspect of intellectual creation, although existent, is less clearly defined. What counts here is
that the object of industrial property typically consists of signs transmitting information, in particular to consumers, as regards
products and services offered on the market. Protection is directed against unauthorized use of such signs likely to mislead consumers,
and against misleading practices in general.

Understanding Industrial Property. World Intellectual Property Organization – WIPO,

p. 3-5. In: Internet: (adapted).


According to the text above, judge the following items.

Copyright and Industrial Property are normally considered as the two constituents of Intellectual Property.

A resposta correta é:

Intellectual Property



Industrial property legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. Intellectual property relates to
items of information or knowledge, which can be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in an unlimited number of copies at
different locations anywhere in the world. The property is not in those copies but in the information or knowledge reflected in them.
Intellectual property rights are also characterized by certain limitations, such as limited duration in the case of copyright and patents.

The importance of protecting intellectual property was first recognized in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property in 1883 and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1886. Both treaties are administered
by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Countries generally have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to give statutory expression to the
moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and to the rights of the public in accessing those creations. The second is to
promote creativity and the dissemination and application of its results, and to encourage fair trade, which would contribute to
economic and social development.

Intellectual property is usually divided into two branches, namely industrial property and copyright.
Copyright relates to artistic creations, such as poems, novels, music, paintings, and cinematographic works. The expression
copyright refers to the main act which, in respect of literary and artistic creations, may be made only by the author or with his
authorization.

The broad application of the term “industrial” is clearly set out in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
(Article 1 (3)): “Industrial property shall be understood in the broadest sense and shall apply not only to industry and commerce
proper, but likewise to agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain,
tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour.”

Industrial property takes a range of forms. These include patents to protect inventions; and industrial designs, which are
aesthetic creations determining the appearance of industrial products. Industrial property also covers trademarks, service marks,
layout-designs of integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, as well as geographical indications, and protection against
unfair competition. In some of these, the aspect of intellectual creation, although existent, is less clearly defined. What counts here is
that the object of industrial property typically consists of signs transmitting information, in particular to consumers, as regards
products and services offered on the market. Protection is directed against unauthorized use of such signs likely to mislead consumers,
and against misleading practices in general.

Understanding Industrial Property. World Intellectual Property Organization – WIPO,

p. 3-5. In: Internet: (adapted).


According to the text above, judge the following items.

The international organization WIPO is responsible for enacting legislation intended to regulate intellectual property in every country.

A resposta correta é:

Intellectual Property



Industrial property legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. Intellectual property relates to
items of information or knowledge, which can be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in an unlimited number of copies at
different locations anywhere in the world. The property is not in those copies but in the information or knowledge reflected in them.
Intellectual property rights are also characterized by certain limitations, such as limited duration in the case of copyright and patents.

The importance of protecting intellectual property was first recognized in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property in 1883 and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1886. Both treaties are administered
by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Countries generally have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to give statutory expression to the
moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and to the rights of the public in accessing those creations. The second is to
promote creativity and the dissemination and application of its results, and to encourage fair trade, which would contribute to
economic and social development.

Intellectual property is usually divided into two branches, namely industrial property and copyright.
Copyright relates to artistic creations, such as poems, novels, music, paintings, and cinematographic works. The expression
copyright refers to the main act which, in respect of literary and artistic creations, may be made only by the author or with his
authorization.

The broad application of the term “industrial” is clearly set out in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
(Article 1 (3)): “Industrial property shall be understood in the broadest sense and shall apply not only to industry and commerce
proper, but likewise to agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain,
tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour.”

Industrial property takes a range of forms. These include patents to protect inventions; and industrial designs, which are
aesthetic creations determining the appearance of industrial products. Industrial property also covers trademarks, service marks,
layout-designs of integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, as well as geographical indications, and protection against
unfair competition. In some of these, the aspect of intellectual creation, although existent, is less clearly defined. What counts here is
that the object of industrial property typically consists of signs transmitting information, in particular to consumers, as regards
products and services offered on the market. Protection is directed against unauthorized use of such signs likely to mislead consumers,
and against misleading practices in general.

Understanding Industrial Property. World Intellectual Property Organization – WIPO,

p. 3-5. In: Internet: (adapted).


According to the text above, judge the following items.

Intellectual property laws concern themselves with the property of the copies of artistic or industrial products.

A resposta correta é: