Questões de Inglês

Development must be less about growth, more about wellbeing

Sustainable development will only succeed if politicians prioritise people’s needs over economic progress, says new report


People and their wellbeing need to be at the centre of development, with less emphasis on economic growth, according to a new report, but this requires philanthropic and development organisations to challenge current thinking.
“Development is political,” said the final report of the Bellagio Initiative, a six-month exploration into the future of philanthropy and international development. “Not everyone can be a winner at the same time, but if no one among the winners is prepared to give up just a little in order to reach politically sustainable solutions, then we will all lose out. The real wellbeing challenge is not just to find ways to live well, but for us to find ways to live well together.”
Care work was cited as an example of an area that would receive greater attention under the new approach. Care for children and the elderly — work often done by women — is systematically undervalued and overlooked in the development agenda, said the report.

Internet: (adapted).



Based on the text above, judge the following items.

Philanthropic non-governmental organizations are the first organizations to accept the idea that wellbeing plays a central role in development plans.

A resposta correta é:

While on their way, the slaves selected to go to the
great House farm would make the dense old woods, for miles
around, reverberate with their wild songs, revealing at once the
highest joy and the deepest sadness. (...) They would sing, as
a chorus, to words which to many would seem unmeaning
jargon, but which, nevertheless, were full of meaning to
themselves. I have sometimes thought that the mere hearing of
those songs would do more to impress some minds with the
horrible character of slavery, than the reading of whole
volumes of philosophy on the subject could do.

I did not, when a slave, understand the deep meaning
of those rude and apparently incoherent songs. I was myself
within the circle; so that I neither saw nor heard as those
without might see and hear. They told a tale of woe which was
then altogether beyond my feeble comprehension; they were
tones loud, long, and deep; they breathed the prayer and
complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest anguish.
Every tone was a testimony against slavery, and a prayer to
God for deliverance from chains. The hearing of those wild
notes always depressed my spirit, and filled me with ineffable
sadness. I have frequently found myself in tears while hearing
them. The mere recurrence to those songs, even now, afflicts
me; and while I am writing these lines, an expression of feeling
has already found its way down my cheek. To those songs I
trace my first glimmering conception of the dehumanizing
character of slavery. I can never get rid of that conception.
Those songs still follow me, to deepen my hatred of slavery,
and quicken my sympathies for my brethren in bonds. If any
one wishes to be impressed with the soul-killing effects of
slavery, let him go to Colonel Lloyd’s plantation, and, on
allowance-day, place himself in the deep pine woods, and there
let him, in silence, analyze the sounds that shall pass through
the chambers of his soul, and if he is not thus impressed, it will
only be because “there is no flesh in his obdurate heart.”
Frederick Douglass. Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Charleston (SC): Forgotten Books, 2008, p. 26-7 (adapted).



Based on the text, judge if the following items are right ( C ) or wrong ( E ).

To outsiders, the music sung by the slaves would probably sound like babbling.

A resposta correta é:

Internet Architects Warn of Risks in Ultrafast Networks


If nothing else, Arista Networks proves that two people can make more than $1 billion each building the Internet and still be worried about its reliability.
David Cheriton, a computer science professor at Stanford known for his skills in software design, and Andreas Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems, have committed $100 million of their money, and spent half that, to shake up the business of connecting computers in the Internet"s big computing centers.
As the Arista founders say, the promise of having access to vast amounts of data instantly, anywhere, is matched by the threat of catastrophe. People are creating more data and moving it ever faster on computer networks. The fast networks allow people to pour much more of civilization online, including not just Facebook posts and every book ever written, but all music, live video calls, and most of the information technology behind modern business, into a worldwide "cloud" of data centers. The networks are designed so as to be always available, via phone, tablet, personal computer or an increasing array of connected devices.
Statistics dictate that the vastly greater number of transactions among computers in a world 100 times faster than today will lead to a greater number of unpredictable accidents, with less time in between them.
Mr. Bechtolsheim says that because of the Internet"s complexity, the global network is impossible to design without bugs. Very dangerous bugs, as he describes them, capable of halting commerce, destroying financial information or enabling hostile attacks by foreign powers.
More transactions also mean more system attacks. Even though he says there is no turning back on the online society, Mr. Cheriton worries most about security hazards. "I ...... the claim that the Chinese military can take it down in 30 seconds, no one can prove me wrong," he said.
The common connection among computer servers, one gigabit per second, is giving way to 10-gigabit connections, because of improvements in semiconductor design and software. Speeds of 40 gigabits, even 100 gigabits, are now used for specialty purposes like consolidating huge data streams among hundreds of thousands of computers across the globe, and that technology is headed into the mainstream. An engineering standard for a terabit per second, 1,000 gigabits, is expected in about seven years.


(Adapted from. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/14/technology/)

The text allows us to state that ultrafast networks

a) are particularly useful for those who are interested in writing books about modern business transactions.
b) are easily managed as long as powerful devices are developed to control bugs.
c) should not be used in modern business since they may cause financial loss.
d) demand tougher security controls due to the substantial amount of data exchanged by users.
e) will soon be risk free since much effort has been made to overcome current challenges.

A resposta correta é:

Stanford physicists make new form of matter

The laser-cooled quantum gas opens exciting new

realms of unconventional superconductivity.

By Max McClure

Stanford University News



Within the exotic world of macroscopic quantum
effects, where fluids flow uphill, wires conduct without
electrical resistance and magnets levitate, there is an
even stranger family of “unconventional” phenomena:
strongly interacting fermions, a class of particles that
are often very difficult to understand on the quantum
level. These materials often defy explanation by
current theoretical physics, but hold enormous
promise for the development of futuristic technologies
as room-temperature superconductors, ultrasensitive
microscopes and quantum computation.

Last week the scientific world was appalled when
a Stanford team made the announcement in Physical
Review Letters that they had created the world’s first
dipolar quantum fermionic gas– “an entirely new
form of quantum matter,” as Stanford applied physics
Professor and lead author Benjamin Lev puts it. Lev
affirmed that this development represents a major
step toward understanding the behavior of these
systems of particles. Until now, research efforts had
focused on cooling bosons – fundamentally different
from fermions, and much easier to work with. But
now the Stanford team extended these techniques to
gases made of the most magnetic atom: a fermionic
isotope of dysprosium with magnetic energies 440
times larger than previously cooled gases.

He explained that when the thermal energy of
some substances drops below a certain critical point,
it used to be impossible to consider its component
particles separately since the material becomes
strongly correlated and its quantum effects become
difficult to understand and study. Nevertheless,
making the material out of a gas of atoms allows it
to become visible. These quantum gases, the coldest
objects known to man, are where researchers can
observe zero-viscosity fluids – superfluids – that are
mathematical cousins of superconductors.

Thus far, the result of the Lev lab’s high-tech efforts
is a tiny ball of ultracold quantum dipolar fluid. But the
researchers have reason to believe that the humble
substance will exhibit the seemingly contradictory
characteristics of both crystals and superfluids. This
combination could lead to quantum liquid crystals.
Or it could yield a supersolid – a hypothetical state
of matter that would, in theory at least, be a solid with
superfluid characteristics.

The researchers have already begun developing a
microscope to make use of the dipolar quantum fluid’s
unique characteristics. It is the “cryogenic atom chip
microscope”, a magnetic probe that should measure
magnetic fields with unprecedented sensitivity and
resolution. “This kind of probe may even allow for a
more stable form of quantum computation that uses
exotic quantum matter to process information, known
as a topologically protected quantum computer”,
said Lev. “So this new approach is really incredibly
exciting.”

Available at: . Retrieved on: 5 June 2012. Adapted.



According to the text, fermions

a) are liquid particles that flow downhill.
b) are more exotic than other particles on the quantum level.
c) do not challenge physicists.
d) do not interact with unconventional wires.
e) do not interact as much as other quantum effects.

A resposta correta é:

Can a planet survive the death of its sun?

Scientists find two that did.


Natalie Batalha has had plenty of experience fielding
questions from both layfolk and other scientists over the past
couple of years — and with good reason. Batalha is the deputy
principal investigator for the spectacularly successful Kepler
space telescope, which has found evidence of more than 2,000
planets orbiting distant stars so far — including, just last week,
a world almost exactly the size of Earth.

But Kepler is giving astronomers all sorts of new
information about stars as well, and that’s what an European
TV correspondent wanted to know about during an interview
last year. Was it true, she asked, that stars like the sun will
eventually swell up and destroy their planets? It’s a common
question, and Batalha recited the familiar answer, one that’s
been in astronomy textbooks for at least half a century: Yes,
it’s true. Five or six billion years from now, Earth will be burnt
to a cinder. This old news was apparently quite new to the
European correspondent, because when she reported her
terrifying scoop, she added a soupçon of conspiracy theory to
it: NASA, she suggested, was trying to downplay the story.

It was not a proud moment for science journalism, but
unexpectedly, at about the same time the European
correspondent was reporting her nonbulletin, Kepler scientists
did discover a whole new wrinkle to the planet-eating-star
scenario: it’s apparently possible for planets to be swallowed
up by their suns and live to tell the tale. According to a paper
just published in Nature, the Kepler probe has taken a closer
look at a star called KOI 55 and identified it as a “B
subdwarf”, the red-hot corpse of a sunlike star, one that already
went through its deadly expansion. Around it are two planets,
both a bit smaller than Earth — and both so close to their home
star that even the tiniest solar expansion ought to have
consumed them whole. And yet they seem, writes astronomer
Eliza Kempton in a Nature commentary, “to be alive and well.
Which begs the question, how did they survive?”

How indeed? A star like the sun takes about 10 billion
years to use up the hydrogen supply. Once the hydrogen is
gone, the star cools from white hot to red hot and swells
dramatically: in the case of our solar system, the sun’s outer
layers will reach all the way to Earth. Eventually, those outer
layers will waft away to form what’s called a planetary nebula
while the core shrinks back into an object just like KOI 55.

If a planet like Earth spent a billion years simmering
in the outer layers of a star it would, says astronomer Betsy
Green, “just evaporate. Only planets with masses very much
larger than the Earth, like Jupiter or Saturn, could possibly survive.”
And yet these two worlds, known as KOI 55.01 and
KOI 55.02, lived through the ordeal anyway. The key to this
seeming impossibility, suggest the astronomers, is that the
planets may have begun life as gas giants like Jupiter or Saturn,
with rocky cores surrounded by vast, crushing atmospheres. As
the star expanded, the gas giants would have spiraled inward
until they dipped into the stellar surface itself. The plunge
would have been enough to strip off their atmospheres, but
their rocky interiors could have survived — leaving,
eventually, the bleak tableau of the naked cores of two planets
orbiting the naked core of an elderly star.

Internet: (adapted).



According to the text, judge if the items below about Natalie Batalha are right ( C ) or wrong ( E ).

She is the chief researcher of the space project that involves the Kepler telescope.

A resposta correta é:

Can a planet survive the death of its sun?

Scientists find two that did.


Natalie Batalha has had plenty of experience fielding
questions from both layfolk and other scientists over the past
couple of years — and with good reason. Batalha is the deputy
principal investigator for the spectacularly successful Kepler
space telescope, which has found evidence of more than 2,000
planets orbiting distant stars so far — including, just last week,
a world almost exactly the size of Earth.

But Kepler is giving astronomers all sorts of new
information about stars as well, and that’s what an European
TV correspondent wanted to know about during an interview
last year. Was it true, she asked, that stars like the sun will
eventually swell up and destroy their planets? It’s a common
question, and Batalha recited the familiar answer, one that’s
been in astronomy textbooks for at least half a century: Yes,
it’s true. Five or six billion years from now, Earth will be burnt
to a cinder. This old news was apparently quite new to the
European correspondent, because when she reported her
terrifying scoop, she added a soupçon of conspiracy theory to
it: NASA, she suggested, was trying to downplay the story.

It was not a proud moment for science journalism, but
unexpectedly, at about the same time the European
correspondent was reporting her nonbulletin, Kepler scientists
did discover a whole new wrinkle to the planet-eating-star
scenario: it’s apparently possible for planets to be swallowed
up by their suns and live to tell the tale. According to a paper
just published in Nature, the Kepler probe has taken a closer
look at a star called KOI 55 and identified it as a “B
subdwarf”, the red-hot corpse of a sunlike star, one that already
went through its deadly expansion. Around it are two planets,
both a bit smaller than Earth — and both so close to their home
star that even the tiniest solar expansion ought to have
consumed them whole. And yet they seem, writes astronomer
Eliza Kempton in a Nature commentary, “to be alive and well.
Which begs the question, how did they survive?”

How indeed? A star like the sun takes about 10 billion
years to use up the hydrogen supply. Once the hydrogen is
gone, the star cools from white hot to red hot and swells
dramatically: in the case of our solar system, the sun’s outer
layers will reach all the way to Earth. Eventually, those outer
layers will waft away to form what’s called a planetary nebula
while the core shrinks back into an object just like KOI 55.

If a planet like Earth spent a billion years simmering
in the outer layers of a star it would, says astronomer Betsy
Green, “just evaporate. Only planets with masses very much
larger than the Earth, like Jupiter or Saturn, could possibly survive.”
And yet these two worlds, known as KOI 55.01 and
KOI 55.02, lived through the ordeal anyway. The key to this
seeming impossibility, suggest the astronomers, is that the
planets may have begun life as gas giants like Jupiter or Saturn,
with rocky cores surrounded by vast, crushing atmospheres. As
the star expanded, the gas giants would have spiraled inward
until they dipped into the stellar surface itself. The plunge
would have been enough to strip off their atmospheres, but
their rocky interiors could have survived — leaving,
eventually, the bleak tableau of the naked cores of two planets
orbiting the naked core of an elderly star.

Internet: (adapted).



According to the text, judge if the items below about Natalie Batalha are right ( C ) or wrong ( E ).

She was taken aback by the European TV correspondent"s ignorance about the natural process of a star"s living cycle.

A resposta correta é:

Can a planet survive the death of its sun?

Scientists find two that did.


Natalie Batalha has had plenty of experience fielding
questions from both layfolk and other scientists over the past
couple of years — and with good reason. Batalha is the deputy
principal investigator for the spectacularly successful Kepler
space telescope, which has found evidence of more than 2,000
planets orbiting distant stars so far — including, just last week,
a world almost exactly the size of Earth.

But Kepler is giving astronomers all sorts of new
information about stars as well, and that’s what an European
TV correspondent wanted to know about during an interview
last year. Was it true, she asked, that stars like the sun will
eventually swell up and destroy their planets? It’s a common
question, and Batalha recited the familiar answer, one that’s
been in astronomy textbooks for at least half a century: Yes,
it’s true. Five or six billion years from now, Earth will be burnt
to a cinder. This old news was apparently quite new to the
European correspondent, because when she reported her
terrifying scoop, she added a soupçon of conspiracy theory to
it: NASA, she suggested, was trying to downplay the story.

It was not a proud moment for science journalism, but
unexpectedly, at about the same time the European
correspondent was reporting her nonbulletin, Kepler scientists
did discover a whole new wrinkle to the planet-eating-star
scenario: it’s apparently possible for planets to be swallowed
up by their suns and live to tell the tale. According to a paper
just published in Nature, the Kepler probe has taken a closer
look at a star called KOI 55 and identified it as a “B
subdwarf”, the red-hot corpse of a sunlike star, one that already
went through its deadly expansion. Around it are two planets,
both a bit smaller than Earth — and both so close to their home
star that even the tiniest solar expansion ought to have
consumed them whole. And yet they seem, writes astronomer
Eliza Kempton in a Nature commentary, “to be alive and well.
Which begs the question, how did they survive?”

How indeed? A star like the sun takes about 10 billion
years to use up the hydrogen supply. Once the hydrogen is
gone, the star cools from white hot to red hot and swells
dramatically: in the case of our solar system, the sun’s outer
layers will reach all the way to Earth. Eventually, those outer
layers will waft away to form what’s called a planetary nebula
while the core shrinks back into an object just like KOI 55.

If a planet like Earth spent a billion years simmering
in the outer layers of a star it would, says astronomer Betsy
Green, “just evaporate. Only planets with masses very much
larger than the Earth, like Jupiter or Saturn, could possibly survive.”
And yet these two worlds, known as KOI 55.01 and
KOI 55.02, lived through the ordeal anyway. The key to this
seeming impossibility, suggest the astronomers, is that the
planets may have begun life as gas giants like Jupiter or Saturn,
with rocky cores surrounded by vast, crushing atmospheres. As
the star expanded, the gas giants would have spiraled inward
until they dipped into the stellar surface itself. The plunge
would have been enough to strip off their atmospheres, but
their rocky interiors could have survived — leaving,
eventually, the bleak tableau of the naked cores of two planets
orbiting the naked core of an elderly star.

Internet: (adapted).



According to the text, judge if the items below about Natalie Batalha are right ( C ) or wrong ( E ).

Natalie Batalha demonstrated how planets can survive the death of the star they orbit.

A resposta correta é:

Can a planet survive the death of its sun?

Scientists find two that did.


Natalie Batalha has had plenty of experience fielding
questions from both layfolk and other scientists over the past
couple of years — and with good reason. Batalha is the deputy
principal investigator for the spectacularly successful Kepler
space telescope, which has found evidence of more than 2,000
planets orbiting distant stars so far — including, just last week,
a world almost exactly the size of Earth.

But Kepler is giving astronomers all sorts of new
information about stars as well, and that’s what an European
TV correspondent wanted to know about during an interview
last year. Was it true, she asked, that stars like the sun will
eventually swell up and destroy their planets? It’s a common
question, and Batalha recited the familiar answer, one that’s
been in astronomy textbooks for at least half a century: Yes,
it’s true. Five or six billion years from now, Earth will be burnt
to a cinder. This old news was apparently quite new to the
European correspondent, because when she reported her
terrifying scoop, she added a soupçon of conspiracy theory to
it: NASA, she suggested, was trying to downplay the story.

It was not a proud moment for science journalism, but
unexpectedly, at about the same time the European
correspondent was reporting her nonbulletin, Kepler scientists
did discover a whole new wrinkle to the planet-eating-star
scenario: it’s apparently possible for planets to be swallowed
up by their suns and live to tell the tale. According to a paper
just published in Nature, the Kepler probe has taken a closer
look at a star called KOI 55 and identified it as a “B
subdwarf”, the red-hot corpse of a sunlike star, one that already
went through its deadly expansion. Around it are two planets,
both a bit smaller than Earth — and both so close to their home
star that even the tiniest solar expansion ought to have
consumed them whole. And yet they seem, writes astronomer
Eliza Kempton in a Nature commentary, “to be alive and well.
Which begs the question, how did they survive?”

How indeed? A star like the sun takes about 10 billion
years to use up the hydrogen supply. Once the hydrogen is
gone, the star cools from white hot to red hot and swells
dramatically: in the case of our solar system, the sun’s outer
layers will reach all the way to Earth. Eventually, those outer
layers will waft away to form what’s called a planetary nebula
while the core shrinks back into an object just like KOI 55.

If a planet like Earth spent a billion years simmering
in the outer layers of a star it would, says astronomer Betsy
Green, “just evaporate. Only planets with masses very much
larger than the Earth, like Jupiter or Saturn, could possibly survive.”
And yet these two worlds, known as KOI 55.01 and
KOI 55.02, lived through the ordeal anyway. The key to this
seeming impossibility, suggest the astronomers, is that the
planets may have begun life as gas giants like Jupiter or Saturn,
with rocky cores surrounded by vast, crushing atmospheres. As
the star expanded, the gas giants would have spiraled inward
until they dipped into the stellar surface itself. The plunge
would have been enough to strip off their atmospheres, but
their rocky interiors could have survived — leaving,
eventually, the bleak tableau of the naked cores of two planets
orbiting the naked core of an elderly star.

Internet: (adapted).



According to the text, judge if the items below about Natalie Batalha are right ( C ) or wrong ( E ).

Natalie Batalha is used to talking about her research to specialists and non-specialists alike.

A resposta correta é:

Athens rehearses the nightmare of default

By Joshua Chaffin in Athens


Constantine Michalos, president of the Athens
chamber of commerce, sat in his office – around
the corner from where protesters were hurling
chunks of marble at riot police – and
contemplated what was once unthinkable: that
Greece would default on its debt and then be
forced into a messy exit from the euro.
“All hell would break loose,” Mr Michalos said,
sketching a society that would quickly run short of
fuel, food, medicine and necessities. “You would
have social upheaval.”
Since the crisis began, it has been widely held that
a default would prove disastrous not only for
Greece but also for the entire European Union,
and that it was to be avoided at all costs.
That assumption is being questioned as never
before. Some officials argue that the blowback
from a Greek default might not be so debilitating,
after all.
“I am not advocating a Greek default, hard or soft
– but I’m not excluding the possibility of it if the
Greeks don’t get their acts together, Europe is
prepared... I think we’ve taken the necessary
measures.” Alexander Stubb, Finland’s Europe
minister, told the Financial Times.
That view is by no means unanimous among
Greece’s creditors. François Fillon, French prime
minister, on Friday had a stinging rebuke for those
who would consider it. “To put in play the default
of Greece is completely irresponsible,” he told
broadcaster RTL.
Stéphane Deo, European economist at UBS,
warned that a Greek default could wreak havoc
across the continent, including bank runs.
In rumour-prone Athens, business leaders,
politicians and economists are aghast at open
discussion of default. “It would be a nightmare,”
said Yannis Stournaras, head of the Foundation
for Economic and Industrial Research, an Athens
think-tank. “You would see serial defaults... Banks
would collapse completely. There would be no
banks.”
An important factor in any default would be the
reaction of the European Central Bank. It might be
possible to keep Greece in the eurozone and
contain the damage if the ECB were to provide a
lifeline to the country’s banks, some analysts
believe.
But it is also possible Frankfurt would decide it
could no longer accept Greek government bonds
as collateral. Without ECB liquidity – cut-off from
financial markets – Athens would have to print
drachmas to pay its bills.
The new currency would plunge in value against
the euro. That would trigger another wave of
defaults for businesses and citizens, unable to pay
outstanding debts in euros. Litigation, and even
deeper recession, would probably ensue.
Platon Monokroussos, research head at Eurobank
EFG, believes a Greek default might even cascade
into a full-]blown EU exit, because government
would probably try to impose capital controls,
close borders and take measures that violated EU
law.
Greece’s mainstream politicians appear aware of
this. Lucas Papademos, the prime minister,
warned MPs that the country faced “catastrophe”
if it did not approve a sweeping austerity package
tied to the loan.
Opinion polls show more than 70 per cent of
Greeks determined to remain in the eurozone
despite enduring two years of austerity and
economic contraction.
However, there is a minority – particularly on the
far left – that wants out. Their chief argument,
endorsed by some well-known foreign
economists, is that a devalued drachma would
lower wages and instantly make Greece more
competitive.
They tend to point to Argentina, which broke its
peg with the dollar more than a decade ago,
defaulted on its foreign debt and has since fared
far better than many expected.
Yet that comparison overlooks the fact that the
Greek economy – unlike Argentina’s – boasts a
small production base and few exporters. Most of
its companies rely on imports, which would rocket
in cost. Sceptical, too, are ordinary citizens. “We
are not Argentina,” Mr. Stournaras said. “We are
not even self-sufficient in agriculture.”
(Adapted from: Financial Times http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/76d064c6-5992-11e1- 8d36]00144feabdc0.html#axzz1mlF7WlTl)


From paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 we may conclude that

a) François Fillon and Stéphane Deo, wholeheartedly agree with Alexander Stubb.
b) most Greek economists welcome an open discussion on the subject of default.
c) some quarters have voiced strong opposition to Greece not paying its debts.
d) Yannis Stournaras has been having nightmares where banks are destroyed.
e) Greece"s creditors unanimously believe that a default may be the best solution for the crisis.

A resposta correta é:

Making Performance Budgeting Work: New IMF Book

October 04, 2007

Member countries will find valuable advice on how to reform their budgeting practices to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public expenditure in a major new work on performance budgeting produced by the Fiscal Affairs Department. The book, Performance Budgeting: Linking Funding and Results (500pp), came off the presses of the top UK publisher Palgrave Macmillan in September.
Edited by FAD staff member Marc Robinson, the book contains a comprehensive treatment of contemporary performance budgeting practice and theory. In a series of thematic chapters and case studies, the book discusses:

The key forms of performance budgeting which [TO IMPLEMENT] around the world -how they differ, and what they have in common points.

Lessons from the experience of governments around the world -ranging from OECD nations to developing, middle-income and transition countries . about what forms of performance budgeting work, under what circumstances, and with what implementation strategies.

How successful performance budgeting can improve aggregate fiscal discipline.

The information requirements of performance budgeting, and

The links between performance budgeting and other budgeting and public management reforms.
Many of the contributors to this work are leaders in performance budgeting implementation in their countries. Others are respected academics and technical experts from the International Monetary Fund and other international organizations. Countries covered in the case studies include the UK, USA, Australia, France, Chile, Spain, Russia, Colombia and Ethiopia.
One major focus of the book is performance budgeting as a tool for improved expenditure prioritization . that is, for helping to shift limited public resources to the services of greatest social benefit. A key finding is that this type of performance budgeting will only work if the budget process is fundamentally changed so that top politicians and bureaucrats systematically consider expenditure priorities when formulating the budget. This means more than just considering the priorities for new spending. It requires also having mechanisms to systematically review existing spending programs to identify what is ineffective and low priority and can, therefore, be cut. This is what countries such as Chile and the United Kingdom have successfully done, and the United States is currently attempting to achieve with its Program Assessment Rating Tool instrument. Conversely, it is a mistake to believe that merely changing the budget classification and developing performance indicators will in itself improve the allocation of resources in the budget.

(Adapted from http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/making-performa.html



The correct form of [TO IMPLEMENT] is

a) implemented.
b) was implemented.
c) will be implemented.
d) has been implemented.
e) have been implemented.

A resposta correta é: