Questões de Inglês

Margarine vs. butter: are synthetic spreads toast?



Sales of margarine are in decline, due to a combination of
reformulated recipes, price, health and taste. Do you defend
margarine, or is butter simply better?

Butter vs. margarine: it’s a fight that has gone on for
decades. On one side, there’s butter – rich, creamy, defiantly
full-fat and made for millennia by churning the milk or cream
from cattle. On the other, there’s margarine: the arriviste spread
invented in the 1860s. It might not taste delicious, and it doesn’t
sink into your toast like butter, but for decades margarine has
ridden a wave of success as the “healthy” alternative.

No longer. Sales of margarine have plummeted in the last
year, according to Kantar, with “health” spreads dropping 7.4%
in sales. Flora has been particularly badly hit, losing £24m in
sales, partly due to reformulating its recipe.

Meanwhile, butter is back in vogue. Brits bought 8.7%
more blocks of butter last year, and 6% more spreadable tubs.
This is partly due to the “narrowing price gap between butter and
margarine”, Tim Eales of IRI told The Grocer, but also to the
home baking revival led by Mary Berry, Paul Hollywood and co.
We’re all sticking unsalted butter in our sponges these days.

A yen for natural, unprocessed produce could also be a
factor. “Since all the food scandals of the last 10 years, people
are thinking about where their food comes from – butter is
perceived as ‘pure’”, says food writer Signe Johansen. But is
margarine really out for the count? Big brands are owned by
powerful multinationals such as Unilever, with huge marketing
budgets. Don’t rule spreads out just yet.

Margarine was invented in 1869 by a French food scientist,
Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès, who responded to a challenge by
Napoleon III. Napoleon wanted to find a long-life alternative to
butter to feed troops in the Franco-Prussian war. Mège-Mouriès
mixed skimmed milk, water and beef fat to create a substance
similar to butter in texture, if not in taste. He called it
“oleomargarine” after margarites, the Greek word for pearls – a
reference to its pearly sheen. In 1871 he sold the patent to
Jurgens, a Dutch firm now part of Unilever.

Beef fat was soon replaced by cheaper hydrogenated and
non-hydrogenated vegetable oils. “Margarine gained a foothold
during the first world war”, says food writer and historian Bee
Wilson. “George Orwell wrote of the ‘great war’ that what he
remembered most was not all the deaths but all the margarine.
But at this stage people recognized it was an inferior substitute
for butter: an ersatz food, like drinking chicory instead of coffee.”

In the second world war, British margarine brands were
legally required to add vitamins to their recipes. “The move in
status to margarine as a health food, marketing itself as a
superior alternative, happened after the war”, says Wilson.
Added “healthy” extras – vitamins, omega-3s, unpronounceables
that lower your cholesterol – are still a mainstay of the market.

But while margarine has spent decades fighting butter on
the health front, what about taste? “Margarine has never been
able to replicate the flavour of true butter”, says Johansen. This
despite the fact many brands add milk and cream to their
spreads. “I Can’t Believe It’s Not Butter”? Really? I can.

Unsurprisingly, it’s hard to find a defendant of margarine
among food writers and chefs. One of the few exceptions is
Marguerite Patten, who is a fan of baking with Stork®. Indeed,
Stork® does make for wonderfully crisp shortcrust pastry.

Margarine has taken a bashing on the health front in
recent years, too. Negative press about trans fats in the 00s saw
many brands remove hydrogenated fats from their spreads and
reformulate their recipes. Growing suspicion of processed foods
has led many consumers to return to butter. As Johansen puts it:
“If you want a healthy heart, eat more vegetables.”

And yet, and yet. I’m looking at a tub of Pure Dairy-Free
Soya Spread. It contains 14g saturated fat per 100g, compared
to butter’s 54%. For many consumers, such stats still outweigh
taste when it comes to deciding what’s on their toast. And what
about vegans, and those with lactose intolerance? Margarine
can fulfill needs that butter can’t.

It will never win any taste awards, but there is still a place
for margarine on the supermarket shelves – even if there isn’t
one for it in most food lovers’ fridges.

Margarine vs. butter: are synthetic spreads toast? Adapted.

Available in:http://www.guardian.co.uk


Read the sentence below taken from the text and analyze the assertions below.
"Sales of margarine have plummeted in the last year, according to Kantar, with "health" spreads dropping 7.4% in sales. Flora has been particularly badly hit, losing £24m in sales, partly due to reformulating its recipe."

I. The possessive pronoun "its" refers to Flora"s new recipe.
II. "Due to" establishes a relation of cause to the situation exposed.
III. "Badly" has the same gramar classification as "wooly".

The correct assertion(s) is(are)

a) I and II, only.
b) III, only.
c) II and III, only.
d) II, only.
e) I, II and III.

A resposta correta é:

Stocks and the Stock Market

The stock exchange is a marketplace where brokers buy and
sell stocks and bonds for other people. Many countries have
one or more stock exchanges. Smaller stock exchanges often
handle only national stock, whereas the big stock exchanges
handle the stock of big international corporations. (…)
A person who buys stock becomes one of the company’s
owners. They buy a share of a company. A bond is an
agreement to lend money to a company for a certain period of
time. Companies sell stocks and bonds to people because
they need money and want to expand. Sometimes they want
to build more factories or develop more products.
If a company makes profits it can use the earned money in a
few ways. It may decide to invest more into the company and
expand. Most of the time the shareholders of the company get
a dividend, which is a part of the yearly profit. This dividend is
not always the same and can change from year to year.
Most corporations offer two kinds of stock. Owners of common
stock can go to the annual meetings of stockholders, present
their own ideas there, ask questions about the company and
have a right to vote for the board of directors.Owners of
preferred stock usually do not have voting rights or the right to
attend stockholders’ meetings. However, they get dividends.
A person who buys a bond is not buying ownership in a
company but lending the company money. It promises to give
back the money to the bondholder after a certain time, such
as ten or twenty years. In return for the money, the companies
pay interest. Not only companies but also governments can
issue bonds if they need money.
People buy stocks and bonds because they hope that a
corporation will earn money as it grows. As time goes on
shareholders usually earn more money by owning stock than
by saving their money in a bank or investing in other things.
Buying stock is also a risky business. If you buy a share of a
certain company and it does well over the years the value of
your shares will go up. You could sell them at a much higher
price than when you bought them. Sometimes, however,
things happen that make the value of certain stocks go down.
If a company does badly or goes bankrupt the value of your
shares goes down too and you actually lose money.
There are many reasons why the price of a company’s stock
rise or fall. For example if people are afraid that prices will go
down, they may start selling their shares. If many people sell a
large number of stocks, they can actually make prices go
down. If this continues for a longer time it may lead to a crash.
Prices of stocks fall so low that people don’t want to buy them
anymore because they are afraid they won’t get their money
back. (…)
Each year investors trade billions of shares worth hundreds of
billions of dollars. But not all companies are listed on the stock
market. You must be pretty big and have a lot of power. You
must also show the stock exchange that you are in a good
financial position and that you company is doing well. The
world’s biggest stock exchange in New York has about 30000
companies listed.
To see how well or badly stocks are doing most stock
exchanges have an index. This is a number that shows the
average share prices of the major companies. The most
important indices are the Dow Jones (New York), FTSE
(London), DAX (Frankfurt), Nikkei (Tokyo), Hang Seng
(Hongkong). (…)
The first European stock exchange was founded in Antwerp,
Belgium in 1531. The first stock exchange in England was
formed by a group of brokers in London in 1773. Until that
time people usually went to coffee houses to buy and sell
stocks because they found the brokers there.
In New York City brokers met under an old tree on Wall
Street. They organized the New York stock exchange in 1792.
For many years only rich people bought and sold stock. It was
not until World War I that more and more private investors
started investing their money in stocks. There was a huge rise
in value and investors made a lot of money.
The worst crash happened in the United States in October
1929. Over many days investors sold so many stocks that the
whole market collapsed. This affected the economy not only in

America but in Europe as well. Farmers could not sell their
crops, factories couldn’t sell their products, banks had to close
and workers earned very little money. This lasted for almost
ten years and became later known as the Great Depression.

Acesso em 16/07/2013

NOTA: De acordo com site economywatch.com, stocks e shares são

basicamente a mesma coisa: “Stocks and Shares are the two sides of the

same coin. Basically, they both mean the same thing. (...)
Stock is a general term for Shares. Stock is the ownership of certificate (either
in physical or dematerialized form) of any company. Hence we can say that
Stock is the share of any company.” (…)


Qual dos termos dispostos a seguir, encontrados no texto, NÃO é um pronome?

a) whereas
b) which
c) they
d) your
e) it

A resposta correta é:

Coworking: Sharing How We Work

Genevieve DeGuzman

Communication



In the past, when trying to find places to work,
independent workers, small businesses, and
organizations often had to choose between several
scenarios, all with their attendant advantages and
disadvantages: working from home; working from a
coffee shop, library, or other public venue; or leasing
an executive suite or other commercial space.
Is there a better way to work? Yes. Enter
coworking.
Coworking takes freelancers, indie workers, and
entrepreneurs who feel that they have been dormant
or isolated working alone at home or who have been
migrating from a coffee shop to a friend’s garage or
languishing in a sterile business center — to a space
where they can truly roost.

“We can come out of hiding,” a coworker tells
us, “and be in a space that’s comfortable, friendly,
and has an aesthetic appeal that’s a far cry from the
typical cookie-cutter office environment.”
For many, it might be puzzling to pay for a well-
equipped space teeming with other people, even
with the chance of free coffee and inspiration. You
might ask yourself, “Well, why pay for a place to work
when I’m perfectly comfortable at home and paying
nothing?” Or, “Isn’t the whole point of telecommuting
or starting my own business a chance to avoid ‘going
to the office’?”

Coworking may sound like an unnecessary
expense, but let’s consider what you get from being
a part of the space.

At its most basic level, coworking is the
phenomenon of workers coming together in a shared
or collaborative workspace for one or more of these
reasons: to reduce costs by having shared facilities
and equipment, to access a community of fellow
entrepreneurs, and to seek out collaboration within
and across fields. Coworking spaces offer an exciting
alternative for people longing to escape the confines
of their cubicle walls, the isolation of working solo at
home, or the inconveniences of public venues.

The benefits and cost-savings in productivity
and overall happiness and well-being reaped from
coworking are also potentially huge. Enthusiasm
and creativity become contagious and multiply when
you diversify your work environment with people
from different fields or backgrounds. At coworking
spaces, members pass each other during the day,
conversations get going, and miraculously idea-fusion
happens with everyone benefitting from the shared
thinking and brainstorming.

Differences matter. Coworking hinges on the
belief that innovation and inspiration come from
the cross-pollination of different people in different
fields or specializations. Random opportunities and
discoveries that arise from interactions with others
play a large role in coworking.

To see this in action on a large scale, think about
Google. Google made the culture of sharing and
collaboration in the workplace legend. It deployed
“grouplets” for initiatives that cover broader changes
through the organization.

One remarkable story of a successful Google
grouplet involved getting engineers to write their
own testing code to reduce the incidence of bugs
in software code. Thinking creatively, the grouplet
came up with a campaign based on posting episodes
discussing new and interesting testing techniques
on the bathroom stalls. “Testing on the Toilet” spread
fast and garnered both rants and raves. Soon, people
were hungry for more, and the campaign ultimately
developed enough inertia to become a de facto part of
the coding culture. They moved out of the restrooms
and into the mainstream.

Keith Sawyer, a professor of psychology and
education at Washington University in St. Louis, MO,
has written widely on collaboration and innovation. In
his study of jazz performances, Keith Sawyer made
this observation, “The group has the ideas, not the
individual musicians.” Some of the most famous
products were born out of this mosh pit of interaction
— in contrast to the romantic idea of a lone working
genius driving change. According to Sawyer, more
often than not, true innovation emerges from an
improvised process and draws from trial-by-error and
many inputs.

Unexpected insights emerge from the group
dynamic. If increasing interaction among different
peer groups within a single company could lead
to promising results, imagine the possibilities for
solopreneurs, small businesses, and indie workers —
if only they could reach similar levels of peer access
as those experienced by their bigger counterparts. It
is this potential that coworking tries to capture for its
members.

Available at: .

Retrieved on: 21 Oct. 2011. Adapted.


The main purpose of the text is to

a) convince people in different fields or specializations that they must work in pairs.
b) suggest that coworking is an economic and socially stimulating alternative to boost workers" well-being and productivity.
c) question the relevance of teeming with other coworkers if the professional can work peacefully from home.
d) criticize organizations that do not offer their employees the opportunity to experience group dynamics.
e) campaign for the installation of comfortable coworking spaces in all companies to encourage employees" creativity and enthusiasm.

A resposta correta é:

Stocks and the Stock Market

The stock exchange is a marketplace where brokers buy and
sell stocks and bonds for other people. Many countries have
one or more stock exchanges. Smaller stock exchanges often
handle only national stock, whereas the big stock exchanges
handle the stock of big international corporations. (…)
A person who buys stock becomes one of the company’s
owners. They buy a share of a company. A bond is an
agreement to lend money to a company for a certain period of
time. Companies sell stocks and bonds to people because
they need money and want to expand. Sometimes they want
to build more factories or develop more products.
If a company makes profits it can use the earned money in a
few ways. It may decide to invest more into the company and
expand. Most of the time the shareholders of the company get
a dividend, which is a part of the yearly profit. This dividend is
not always the same and can change from year to year.
Most corporations offer two kinds of stock. Owners of common
stock can go to the annual meetings of stockholders, present
their own ideas there, ask questions about the company and
have a right to vote for the board of directors.Owners of
preferred stock usually do not have voting rights or the right to
attend stockholders’ meetings. However, they get dividends.
A person who buys a bond is not buying ownership in a
company but lending the company money. It promises to give
back the money to the bondholder after a certain time, such
as ten or twenty years. In return for the money, the companies
pay interest. Not only companies but also governments can
issue bonds if they need money.
People buy stocks and bonds because they hope that a
corporation will earn money as it grows. As time goes on
shareholders usually earn more money by owning stock than
by saving their money in a bank or investing in other things.
Buying stock is also a risky business. If you buy a share of a
certain company and it does well over the years the value of
your shares will go up. You could sell them at a much higher
price than when you bought them. Sometimes, however,
things happen that make the value of certain stocks go down.
If a company does badly or goes bankrupt the value of your
shares goes down too and you actually lose money.
There are many reasons why the price of a company’s stock
rise or fall. For example if people are afraid that prices will go
down, they may start selling their shares. If many people sell a
large number of stocks, they can actually make prices go
down. If this continues for a longer time it may lead to a crash.
Prices of stocks fall so low that people don’t want to buy them
anymore because they are afraid they won’t get their money
back. (…)
Each year investors trade billions of shares worth hundreds of
billions of dollars. But not all companies are listed on the stock
market. You must be pretty big and have a lot of power. You
must also show the stock exchange that you are in a good
financial position and that you company is doing well. The
world’s biggest stock exchange in New York has about 30000
companies listed.
To see how well or badly stocks are doing most stock
exchanges have an index. This is a number that shows the
average share prices of the major companies. The most
important indices are the Dow Jones (New York), FTSE
(London), DAX (Frankfurt), Nikkei (Tokyo), Hang Seng
(Hongkong). (…)
The first European stock exchange was founded in Antwerp,
Belgium in 1531. The first stock exchange in England was
formed by a group of brokers in London in 1773. Until that
time people usually went to coffee houses to buy and sell
stocks because they found the brokers there.
In New York City brokers met under an old tree on Wall
Street. They organized the New York stock exchange in 1792.
For many years only rich people bought and sold stock. It was
not until World War I that more and more private investors
started investing their money in stocks. There was a huge rise
in value and investors made a lot of money.
The worst crash happened in the United States in October
1929. Over many days investors sold so many stocks that the
whole market collapsed. This affected the economy not only in

America but in Europe as well. Farmers could not sell their
crops, factories couldn’t sell their products, banks had to close
and workers earned very little money. This lasted for almost
ten years and became later known as the Great Depression.

Acesso em 16/07/2013

NOTA: De acordo com site economywatch.com, stocks e shares são

basicamente a mesma coisa: “Stocks and Shares are the two sides of the

same coin. Basically, they both mean the same thing. (...)
Stock is a general term for Shares. Stock is the ownership of certificate (either
in physical or dematerialized form) of any company. Hence we can say that
Stock is the share of any company.” (…)


"Buying stock is also a risky business."
Como fica a oração acima no passado simples e na forma interrogativa?

a) Did buying stock were also a risky business?
b) Did buying stock also a risky business?
c) Does buying stock also a risky business?
d) Were buying stock also a risky business?
e) Was buying stock also a risky business?

A resposta correta é:

Coworking: Sharing How We Work

Genevieve DeGuzman

Communication



In the past, when trying to find places to work,
independent workers, small businesses, and
organizations often had to choose between several
scenarios, all with their attendant advantages and
disadvantages: working from home; working from a
coffee shop, library, or other public venue; or leasing
an executive suite or other commercial space.
Is there a better way to work? Yes. Enter
coworking.
Coworking takes freelancers, indie workers, and
entrepreneurs who feel that they have been dormant
or isolated working alone at home or who have been
migrating from a coffee shop to a friend’s garage or
languishing in a sterile business center — to a space
where they can truly roost.

“We can come out of hiding,” a coworker tells
us, “and be in a space that’s comfortable, friendly,
and has an aesthetic appeal that’s a far cry from the
typical cookie-cutter office environment.”
For many, it might be puzzling to pay for a well-
equipped space teeming with other people, even
with the chance of free coffee and inspiration. You
might ask yourself, “Well, why pay for a place to work
when I’m perfectly comfortable at home and paying
nothing?” Or, “Isn’t the whole point of telecommuting
or starting my own business a chance to avoid ‘going
to the office’?”

Coworking may sound like an unnecessary
expense, but let’s consider what you get from being
a part of the space.

At its most basic level, coworking is the
phenomenon of workers coming together in a shared
or collaborative workspace for one or more of these
reasons: to reduce costs by having shared facilities
and equipment, to access a community of fellow
entrepreneurs, and to seek out collaboration within
and across fields. Coworking spaces offer an exciting
alternative for people longing to escape the confines
of their cubicle walls, the isolation of working solo at
home, or the inconveniences of public venues.

The benefits and cost-savings in productivity
and overall happiness and well-being reaped from
coworking are also potentially huge. Enthusiasm
and creativity become contagious and multiply when
you diversify your work environment with people
from different fields or backgrounds. At coworking
spaces, members pass each other during the day,
conversations get going, and miraculously idea-fusion
happens with everyone benefitting from the shared
thinking and brainstorming.

Differences matter. Coworking hinges on the
belief that innovation and inspiration come from
the cross-pollination of different people in different
fields or specializations. Random opportunities and
discoveries that arise from interactions with others
play a large role in coworking.

To see this in action on a large scale, think about
Google. Google made the culture of sharing and
collaboration in the workplace legend. It deployed
“grouplets” for initiatives that cover broader changes
through the organization.

One remarkable story of a successful Google
grouplet involved getting engineers to write their
own testing code to reduce the incidence of bugs
in software code. Thinking creatively, the grouplet
came up with a campaign based on posting episodes
discussing new and interesting testing techniques
on the bathroom stalls. “Testing on the Toilet” spread
fast and garnered both rants and raves. Soon, people
were hungry for more, and the campaign ultimately
developed enough inertia to become a de facto part of
the coding culture. They moved out of the restrooms
and into the mainstream.

Keith Sawyer, a professor of psychology and
education at Washington University in St. Louis, MO,
has written widely on collaboration and innovation. In
his study of jazz performances, Keith Sawyer made
this observation, “The group has the ideas, not the
individual musicians.” Some of the most famous
products were born out of this mosh pit of interaction
— in contrast to the romantic idea of a lone working
genius driving change. According to Sawyer, more
often than not, true innovation emerges from an
improvised process and draws from trial-by-error and
many inputs.

Unexpected insights emerge from the group
dynamic. If increasing interaction among different
peer groups within a single company could lead
to promising results, imagine the possibilities for
solopreneurs, small businesses, and indie workers —
if only they could reach similar levels of peer access
as those experienced by their bigger counterparts. It
is this potential that coworking tries to capture for its
members.

Available at: .

Retrieved on: 21 Oct. 2011. Adapted.


The expression indie workers, found in lines 10 and 90, refers to

a) retired civil servants
b) lazy businessmen aiming for profit
c) self-employed independent professionals
d) expert employees at international organizations
e) workaholic employers in large companies

A resposta correta é:

Margarine vs. butter: are synthetic spreads toast?



Sales of margarine are in decline, due to a combination of
reformulated recipes, price, health and taste. Do you defend
margarine, or is butter simply better?

Butter vs. margarine: it’s a fight that has gone on for
decades. On one side, there’s butter – rich, creamy, defiantly
full-fat and made for millennia by churning the milk or cream
from cattle. On the other, there’s margarine: the arriviste spread
invented in the 1860s. It might not taste delicious, and it doesn’t
sink into your toast like butter, but for decades margarine has
ridden a wave of success as the “healthy” alternative.

No longer. Sales of margarine have plummeted in the last
year, according to Kantar, with “health” spreads dropping 7.4%
in sales. Flora has been particularly badly hit, losing £24m in
sales, partly due to reformulating its recipe.

Meanwhile, butter is back in vogue. Brits bought 8.7%
more blocks of butter last year, and 6% more spreadable tubs.
This is partly due to the “narrowing price gap between butter and
margarine”, Tim Eales of IRI told The Grocer, but also to the
home baking revival led by Mary Berry, Paul Hollywood and co.
We’re all sticking unsalted butter in our sponges these days.

A yen for natural, unprocessed produce could also be a
factor. “Since all the food scandals of the last 10 years, people
are thinking about where their food comes from – butter is
perceived as ‘pure’”, says food writer Signe Johansen. But is
margarine really out for the count? Big brands are owned by
powerful multinationals such as Unilever, with huge marketing
budgets. Don’t rule spreads out just yet.

Margarine was invented in 1869 by a French food scientist,
Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès, who responded to a challenge by
Napoleon III. Napoleon wanted to find a long-life alternative to
butter to feed troops in the Franco-Prussian war. Mège-Mouriès
mixed skimmed milk, water and beef fat to create a substance
similar to butter in texture, if not in taste. He called it
“oleomargarine” after margarites, the Greek word for pearls – a
reference to its pearly sheen. In 1871 he sold the patent to
Jurgens, a Dutch firm now part of Unilever.

Beef fat was soon replaced by cheaper hydrogenated and
non-hydrogenated vegetable oils. “Margarine gained a foothold
during the first world war”, says food writer and historian Bee
Wilson. “George Orwell wrote of the ‘great war’ that what he
remembered most was not all the deaths but all the margarine.
But at this stage people recognized it was an inferior substitute
for butter: an ersatz food, like drinking chicory instead of coffee.”

In the second world war, British margarine brands were
legally required to add vitamins to their recipes. “The move in
status to margarine as a health food, marketing itself as a
superior alternative, happened after the war”, says Wilson.
Added “healthy” extras – vitamins, omega-3s, unpronounceables
that lower your cholesterol – are still a mainstay of the market.

But while margarine has spent decades fighting butter on
the health front, what about taste? “Margarine has never been
able to replicate the flavour of true butter”, says Johansen. This
despite the fact many brands add milk and cream to their
spreads. “I Can’t Believe It’s Not Butter”? Really? I can.

Unsurprisingly, it’s hard to find a defendant of margarine
among food writers and chefs. One of the few exceptions is
Marguerite Patten, who is a fan of baking with Stork®. Indeed,
Stork® does make for wonderfully crisp shortcrust pastry.

Margarine has taken a bashing on the health front in
recent years, too. Negative press about trans fats in the 00s saw
many brands remove hydrogenated fats from their spreads and
reformulate their recipes. Growing suspicion of processed foods
has led many consumers to return to butter. As Johansen puts it:
“If you want a healthy heart, eat more vegetables.”

And yet, and yet. I’m looking at a tub of Pure Dairy-Free
Soya Spread. It contains 14g saturated fat per 100g, compared
to butter’s 54%. For many consumers, such stats still outweigh
taste when it comes to deciding what’s on their toast. And what
about vegans, and those with lactose intolerance? Margarine
can fulfill needs that butter can’t.

It will never win any taste awards, but there is still a place
for margarine on the supermarket shelves – even if there isn’t
one for it in most food lovers’ fridges.

Margarine vs. butter: are synthetic spreads toast? Adapted.

Available in:http://www.guardian.co.uk


According to the text, read the following assertions.

I. According to Signe Johansen, nowadays, people are more concerned with what they consume, looking for unprocessed food.
II. Although margarine and butter have a difference in taste, margarine still beats butter when it comes to sales.
III. Marguerite Patten doesn"t stand for margarine.

The correct assertion(s) is(are)

a) I and II, only.
b) I, only.
c) II and III, only.
d) III, only.
e) I, II and III.

A resposta correta é:

Stocks and the Stock Market

The stock exchange is a marketplace where brokers buy and
sell stocks and bonds for other people. Many countries have
one or more stock exchanges. Smaller stock exchanges often
handle only national stock, whereas the big stock exchanges
handle the stock of big international corporations. (…)
A person who buys stock becomes one of the company’s
owners. They buy a share of a company. A bond is an
agreement to lend money to a company for a certain period of
time. Companies sell stocks and bonds to people because
they need money and want to expand. Sometimes they want
to build more factories or develop more products.
If a company makes profits it can use the earned money in a
few ways. It may decide to invest more into the company and
expand. Most of the time the shareholders of the company get
a dividend, which is a part of the yearly profit. This dividend is
not always the same and can change from year to year.
Most corporations offer two kinds of stock. Owners of common
stock can go to the annual meetings of stockholders, present
their own ideas there, ask questions about the company and
have a right to vote for the board of directors.Owners of
preferred stock usually do not have voting rights or the right to
attend stockholders’ meetings. However, they get dividends.
A person who buys a bond is not buying ownership in a
company but lending the company money. It promises to give
back the money to the bondholder after a certain time, such
as ten or twenty years. In return for the money, the companies
pay interest. Not only companies but also governments can
issue bonds if they need money.
People buy stocks and bonds because they hope that a
corporation will earn money as it grows. As time goes on
shareholders usually earn more money by owning stock than
by saving their money in a bank or investing in other things.
Buying stock is also a risky business. If you buy a share of a
certain company and it does well over the years the value of
your shares will go up. You could sell them at a much higher
price than when you bought them. Sometimes, however,
things happen that make the value of certain stocks go down.
If a company does badly or goes bankrupt the value of your
shares goes down too and you actually lose money.
There are many reasons why the price of a company’s stock
rise or fall. For example if people are afraid that prices will go
down, they may start selling their shares. If many people sell a
large number of stocks, they can actually make prices go
down. If this continues for a longer time it may lead to a crash.
Prices of stocks fall so low that people don’t want to buy them
anymore because they are afraid they won’t get their money
back. (…)
Each year investors trade billions of shares worth hundreds of
billions of dollars. But not all companies are listed on the stock
market. You must be pretty big and have a lot of power. You
must also show the stock exchange that you are in a good
financial position and that you company is doing well. The
world’s biggest stock exchange in New York has about 30000
companies listed.
To see how well or badly stocks are doing most stock
exchanges have an index. This is a number that shows the
average share prices of the major companies. The most
important indices are the Dow Jones (New York), FTSE
(London), DAX (Frankfurt), Nikkei (Tokyo), Hang Seng
(Hongkong). (…)
The first European stock exchange was founded in Antwerp,
Belgium in 1531. The first stock exchange in England was
formed by a group of brokers in London in 1773. Until that
time people usually went to coffee houses to buy and sell
stocks because they found the brokers there.
In New York City brokers met under an old tree on Wall
Street. They organized the New York stock exchange in 1792.
For many years only rich people bought and sold stock. It was
not until World War I that more and more private investors
started investing their money in stocks. There was a huge rise
in value and investors made a lot of money.
The worst crash happened in the United States in October
1929. Over many days investors sold so many stocks that the
whole market collapsed. This affected the economy not only in

America but in Europe as well. Farmers could not sell their
crops, factories couldn’t sell their products, banks had to close
and workers earned very little money. This lasted for almost
ten years and became later known as the Great Depression.

Acesso em 16/07/2013

NOTA: De acordo com site economywatch.com, stocks e shares são

basicamente a mesma coisa: “Stocks and Shares are the two sides of the

same coin. Basically, they both mean the same thing. (...)
Stock is a general term for Shares. Stock is the ownership of certificate (either
in physical or dematerialized form) of any company. Hence we can say that
Stock is the share of any company.” (…)


Assinale a alternativa em que os dois elementos dados são, em Inglês, advérbios de modo e de frequência, respectivamente:

a) badly - annual
b) yearly - Sometimes
c) directly - often
d) risky - usually
e) automatically - quickly

A resposta correta é:

Coworking: Sharing How We Work

Genevieve DeGuzman

Communication



In the past, when trying to find places to work,
independent workers, small businesses, and
organizations often had to choose between several
scenarios, all with their attendant advantages and
disadvantages: working from home; working from a
coffee shop, library, or other public venue; or leasing
an executive suite or other commercial space.
Is there a better way to work? Yes. Enter
coworking.
Coworking takes freelancers, indie workers, and
entrepreneurs who feel that they have been dormant
or isolated working alone at home or who have been
migrating from a coffee shop to a friend’s garage or
languishing in a sterile business center — to a space
where they can truly roost.

“We can come out of hiding,” a coworker tells
us, “and be in a space that’s comfortable, friendly,
and has an aesthetic appeal that’s a far cry from the
typical cookie-cutter office environment.”
For many, it might be puzzling to pay for a well-
equipped space teeming with other people, even
with the chance of free coffee and inspiration. You
might ask yourself, “Well, why pay for a place to work
when I’m perfectly comfortable at home and paying
nothing?” Or, “Isn’t the whole point of telecommuting
or starting my own business a chance to avoid ‘going
to the office’?”

Coworking may sound like an unnecessary
expense, but let’s consider what you get from being
a part of the space.

At its most basic level, coworking is the
phenomenon of workers coming together in a shared
or collaborative workspace for one or more of these
reasons: to reduce costs by having shared facilities
and equipment, to access a community of fellow
entrepreneurs, and to seek out collaboration within
and across fields. Coworking spaces offer an exciting
alternative for people longing to escape the confines
of their cubicle walls, the isolation of working solo at
home, or the inconveniences of public venues.

The benefits and cost-savings in productivity
and overall happiness and well-being reaped from
coworking are also potentially huge. Enthusiasm
and creativity become contagious and multiply when
you diversify your work environment with people
from different fields or backgrounds. At coworking
spaces, members pass each other during the day,
conversations get going, and miraculously idea-fusion
happens with everyone benefitting from the shared
thinking and brainstorming.

Differences matter. Coworking hinges on the
belief that innovation and inspiration come from
the cross-pollination of different people in different
fields or specializations. Random opportunities and
discoveries that arise from interactions with others
play a large role in coworking.

To see this in action on a large scale, think about
Google. Google made the culture of sharing and
collaboration in the workplace legend. It deployed
“grouplets” for initiatives that cover broader changes
through the organization.

One remarkable story of a successful Google
grouplet involved getting engineers to write their
own testing code to reduce the incidence of bugs
in software code. Thinking creatively, the grouplet
came up with a campaign based on posting episodes
discussing new and interesting testing techniques
on the bathroom stalls. “Testing on the Toilet” spread
fast and garnered both rants and raves. Soon, people
were hungry for more, and the campaign ultimately
developed enough inertia to become a de facto part of
the coding culture. They moved out of the restrooms
and into the mainstream.

Keith Sawyer, a professor of psychology and
education at Washington University in St. Louis, MO,
has written widely on collaboration and innovation. In
his study of jazz performances, Keith Sawyer made
this observation, “The group has the ideas, not the
individual musicians.” Some of the most famous
products were born out of this mosh pit of interaction
— in contrast to the romantic idea of a lone working
genius driving change. According to Sawyer, more
often than not, true innovation emerges from an
improvised process and draws from trial-by-error and
many inputs.

Unexpected insights emerge from the group
dynamic. If increasing interaction among different
peer groups within a single company could lead
to promising results, imagine the possibilities for
solopreneurs, small businesses, and indie workers —
if only they could reach similar levels of peer access
as those experienced by their bigger counterparts. It
is this potential that coworking tries to capture for its
members.

Available at: .

Retrieved on: 21 Oct. 2011. Adapted.


The boldfaced verb form conveys the idea of strong necessity in

a) "independent workers, small businesses, and organizations often had to choose between several scenarios" (lines 2-4)
b) "to a space where they can truly roost." (lines 14-15)
c) "it might be puzzling to pay for a well-equipped space teeming with other people" (lines 20-21)
d) "Coworking may sound like an unnecessary expense" (lines 28-29)
e) "If increasing interaction among different peer groups within a single company could lead to promising results" (lines 87-89)

A resposta correta é:

Stocks and the Stock Market

The stock exchange is a marketplace where brokers buy and
sell stocks and bonds for other people. Many countries have
one or more stock exchanges. Smaller stock exchanges often
handle only national stock, whereas the big stock exchanges
handle the stock of big international corporations. (…)
A person who buys stock becomes one of the company’s
owners. They buy a share of a company. A bond is an
agreement to lend money to a company for a certain period of
time. Companies sell stocks and bonds to people because
they need money and want to expand. Sometimes they want
to build more factories or develop more products.
If a company makes profits it can use the earned money in a
few ways. It may decide to invest more into the company and
expand. Most of the time the shareholders of the company get
a dividend, which is a part of the yearly profit. This dividend is
not always the same and can change from year to year.
Most corporations offer two kinds of stock. Owners of common
stock can go to the annual meetings of stockholders, present
their own ideas there, ask questions about the company and
have a right to vote for the board of directors.Owners of
preferred stock usually do not have voting rights or the right to
attend stockholders’ meetings. However, they get dividends.
A person who buys a bond is not buying ownership in a
company but lending the company money. It promises to give
back the money to the bondholder after a certain time, such
as ten or twenty years. In return for the money, the companies
pay interest. Not only companies but also governments can
issue bonds if they need money.
People buy stocks and bonds because they hope that a
corporation will earn money as it grows. As time goes on
shareholders usually earn more money by owning stock than
by saving their money in a bank or investing in other things.
Buying stock is also a risky business. If you buy a share of a
certain company and it does well over the years the value of
your shares will go up. You could sell them at a much higher
price than when you bought them. Sometimes, however,
things happen that make the value of certain stocks go down.
If a company does badly or goes bankrupt the value of your
shares goes down too and you actually lose money.
There are many reasons why the price of a company’s stock
rise or fall. For example if people are afraid that prices will go
down, they may start selling their shares. If many people sell a
large number of stocks, they can actually make prices go
down. If this continues for a longer time it may lead to a crash.
Prices of stocks fall so low that people don’t want to buy them
anymore because they are afraid they won’t get their money
back. (…)
Each year investors trade billions of shares worth hundreds of
billions of dollars. But not all companies are listed on the stock
market. You must be pretty big and have a lot of power. You
must also show the stock exchange that you are in a good
financial position and that you company is doing well. The
world’s biggest stock exchange in New York has about 30000
companies listed.
To see how well or badly stocks are doing most stock
exchanges have an index. This is a number that shows the
average share prices of the major companies. The most
important indices are the Dow Jones (New York), FTSE
(London), DAX (Frankfurt), Nikkei (Tokyo), Hang Seng
(Hongkong). (…)
The first European stock exchange was founded in Antwerp,
Belgium in 1531. The first stock exchange in England was
formed by a group of brokers in London in 1773. Until that
time people usually went to coffee houses to buy and sell
stocks because they found the brokers there.
In New York City brokers met under an old tree on Wall
Street. They organized the New York stock exchange in 1792.
For many years only rich people bought and sold stock. It was
not until World War I that more and more private investors
started investing their money in stocks. There was a huge rise
in value and investors made a lot of money.
The worst crash happened in the United States in October
1929. Over many days investors sold so many stocks that the
whole market collapsed. This affected the economy not only in

America but in Europe as well. Farmers could not sell their
crops, factories couldn’t sell their products, banks had to close
and workers earned very little money. This lasted for almost
ten years and became later known as the Great Depression.

Acesso em 16/07/2013

NOTA: De acordo com site economywatch.com, stocks e shares são

basicamente a mesma coisa: “Stocks and Shares are the two sides of the

same coin. Basically, they both mean the same thing. (...)
Stock is a general term for Shares. Stock is the ownership of certificate (either
in physical or dematerialized form) of any company. Hence we can say that
Stock is the share of any company.” (…)


[…] "a corporation will earn money as it grows."

O termo em destaque acima, neste contexto, equivale, em Português, a:

a) contanto
b) conforme
c) assim como
d) para que
e) até que

A resposta correta é:

Stocks and the Stock Market

The stock exchange is a marketplace where brokers buy and
sell stocks and bonds for other people. Many countries have
one or more stock exchanges. Smaller stock exchanges often
handle only national stock, whereas the big stock exchanges
handle the stock of big international corporations. (…)
A person who buys stock becomes one of the company’s
owners. They buy a share of a company. A bond is an
agreement to lend money to a company for a certain period of
time. Companies sell stocks and bonds to people because
they need money and want to expand. Sometimes they want
to build more factories or develop more products.
If a company makes profits it can use the earned money in a
few ways. It may decide to invest more into the company and
expand. Most of the time the shareholders of the company get
a dividend, which is a part of the yearly profit. This dividend is
not always the same and can change from year to year.
Most corporations offer two kinds of stock. Owners of common
stock can go to the annual meetings of stockholders, present
their own ideas there, ask questions about the company and
have a right to vote for the board of directors.Owners of
preferred stock usually do not have voting rights or the right to
attend stockholders’ meetings. However, they get dividends.
A person who buys a bond is not buying ownership in a
company but lending the company money. It promises to give
back the money to the bondholder after a certain time, such
as ten or twenty years. In return for the money, the companies
pay interest. Not only companies but also governments can
issue bonds if they need money.
People buy stocks and bonds because they hope that a
corporation will earn money as it grows. As time goes on
shareholders usually earn more money by owning stock than
by saving their money in a bank or investing in other things.
Buying stock is also a risky business. If you buy a share of a
certain company and it does well over the years the value of
your shares will go up. You could sell them at a much higher
price than when you bought them. Sometimes, however,
things happen that make the value of certain stocks go down.
If a company does badly or goes bankrupt the value of your
shares goes down too and you actually lose money.
There are many reasons why the price of a company’s stock
rise or fall. For example if people are afraid that prices will go
down, they may start selling their shares. If many people sell a
large number of stocks, they can actually make prices go
down. If this continues for a longer time it may lead to a crash.
Prices of stocks fall so low that people don’t want to buy them
anymore because they are afraid they won’t get their money
back. (…)
Each year investors trade billions of shares worth hundreds of
billions of dollars. But not all companies are listed on the stock
market. You must be pretty big and have a lot of power. You
must also show the stock exchange that you are in a good
financial position and that you company is doing well. The
world’s biggest stock exchange in New York has about 30000
companies listed.
To see how well or badly stocks are doing most stock
exchanges have an index. This is a number that shows the
average share prices of the major companies. The most
important indices are the Dow Jones (New York), FTSE
(London), DAX (Frankfurt), Nikkei (Tokyo), Hang Seng
(Hongkong). (…)
The first European stock exchange was founded in Antwerp,
Belgium in 1531. The first stock exchange in England was
formed by a group of brokers in London in 1773. Until that
time people usually went to coffee houses to buy and sell
stocks because they found the brokers there.
In New York City brokers met under an old tree on Wall
Street. They organized the New York stock exchange in 1792.
For many years only rich people bought and sold stock. It was
not until World War I that more and more private investors
started investing their money in stocks. There was a huge rise
in value and investors made a lot of money.
The worst crash happened in the United States in October
1929. Over many days investors sold so many stocks that the
whole market collapsed. This affected the economy not only in

America but in Europe as well. Farmers could not sell their
crops, factories couldn’t sell their products, banks had to close
and workers earned very little money. This lasted for almost
ten years and became later known as the Great Depression.

Acesso em 16/07/2013

NOTA: De acordo com site economywatch.com, stocks e shares são

basicamente a mesma coisa: “Stocks and Shares are the two sides of the

same coin. Basically, they both mean the same thing. (...)
Stock is a general term for Shares. Stock is the ownership of certificate (either
in physical or dematerialized form) of any company. Hence we can say that
Stock is the share of any company.” (…)


Leia o excerto abaixo e, em seguida, complete corretamente o espaço na oração com um dos termos encontrados no texto e dispostos nas alternativas:
[…] "the value of your shares will go up."
If the shares" value will go up, so the shares will be ____________ a lot.

a) risky
b) worth
c) afraid
d) average
e) board

A resposta correta é: